Treaties are categorical as to the limited competencies of the European Union when it comes to health policy. However, this statement is not true for complementary and supplementary health insurance, which accounts in several European countries for a significant share of health expenditures – and when it is even the main provider of care for some benefits. In this respect, private (usually voluntary) health insurance has been fundamentally transformed by a series of European directives and regulations over the last thirty years.

Dr Branwen Gruffydd Jones, Reader in International Relations at the University of Cardiff’s School of Law and Politics, will discuss the life and internationalist thought of Amílcar Cabral (1924-1973), who was a Bissau-Guinean and Cape Verdean intellectual, poet, theoretician, revolutionary, political organiser, diplomat and nationalist. Having led one of the most successful wars of independence in modern African history, Cabral was an inspiration to revolutionary socialists and independence movements globally.

The notions of hybrid warfare and hybrid threats, together with the related concept of grey zone warfare, continue to feature prominently in current strategic debates. The purpose of this seminar is to explore the legal dimension of these ideas. Collectively, they draw our attention to a set of legal challenges presented by the use of coercive measures below the threshold of force and armed attack and, more generally, to the hostile instrumentalization of law in pursuit of geopolitical objectives.

How are newly enfranchised groups mobilized? I theorize that new electorates are `harder to mobilize', which incentivizes politicians to expend resources on the mobilization of most new electorates in fewer, more geographically concentrated, localities. This results in a greater within-country variation in turnout of new electorates and reduces the difference between turnout of new and established electorates in places with the strongest incentives to engage in mobilization efforts.

Since 2016, there has been intense international scrutiny of Russia’s use of cyber-enabled disinformation and influence campaigns to affect domestic politics of other countries. Analysis has traced uses of viral “fake news” stories and manipulative spread of false, propagandistic, or extremist information to target susceptible populations and exploit societal vulnerabilities – swaying public attitudes, exacerbating ideational cleavages, and sowing doubt in democratic institutions. These incidents are frequently described as “cyberattacks.” Recent changes in U.S.