Racial Discrimination Against Blacks in the United States

In this article, we present the results from a novel large-scale field experimental technique designed to measure racial bias among the American public and their elected officials. We conducted the first audit study on the public—sending correspondence to 250,000 randomly- drawn citizens—and also paired that with the largest audit study of public officials to date. Our within-subjects experimental design tested the public’s and their elected officials’ responsiveness to simple requests for help from either an ostensibly Black or an ostensibly White sender.

Russian Military Modernisation: Progress and Ambitions

After sustained investment and reform Moscow has overhauled its conventional armed forces and shown a willingness to use this capability. Recapitalisation is on a Russian, not a Soviet scale, but Moscow now possesses smaller, better equipped and increasingly professional forces. Investment in conventional weaponry has occurred in parallel to modernising its nuclear delivery systems.

Party adaptation, factionalism, and organizational choices

Recent decades have shown that political parties differ in their ability to change their strategies and structures in response to a changed environment. This variation in party adaptation is important because the decline of old parties has often made room for radical and populist parties to rise and recently caused widespread concern over the future of liberal democracy.
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