Over the last two decades, Türkiye’s defence industry has witnessed a dramatic transformation, evolving the country from a dependent buyer into a significant military power and top-tier exporter. Once the world's third-largest arms importer (1995–1999), Türkiye has undergone a strategic paradigm shift to emerge as one of the top 10 global military equipment exporters as of 2025.

The UK faces the gravest security environment since the Second World War, and yet its institutions remain unable to fully adapt to the seriousness of the challenge. It is clear that we are no longer in a time of peace, but the political incentives to adequately project deterrence to our adversaries, and prepare the nation for the realities of what could come, are failing to drive transformative change.

Dr Yasmeen Abu Fraiha and Professor Oren Yiftachel will be presenting the joint Palestinian-Israeli peace initiative entitled 'A Land for All: Two States. One Homeland.' - a viable political framework rooted in lived reality and shared human values. You can read more about the initiative at www.2s1h.org/en. The presentation will be followed by questions and discussion with the audience.

Why have European leaders repeatedly advocated an EU defence capacity yet so often fallen short of their ambitions, and how does EU defence function alongside NATO? Focusing on three defining periods of EU defence integration (1999, 2004, and 2016), this paper draws on archival material and elite interviews to reassess when and why integration advances. Building on insights from psychological approaches in International Relations, it shows that major institutional steps tend to cluster around moments of acute political strain rather than clear shifts in the external threat environment.